![]() Since considerable progress has been made in understanding the biogenesis, structure, and functions of ENVs, circulating ENVs have attracted great attention as promising cancer markers. Extracellular vesicles take part in various physiological and pathological processes. ![]() It all depends on the method of vesicle isolation and the purpose of the study. However, a clear boundary between the subtypes of EV nanovesicles and microvesicles has not yet been found. The content of EVs is characterized by the presence of proteins included in membrane transport and fusion: Rab GTPases annexins flotillin tetraspanins CD63, CD81, and CD9 chaperons (HSP70 and 90) lipid rafts and microRNAs. A second pathway is a tetraspanin-dependent pathway: a clustering of CD63 during the formation of ILVs in melanocytes under the conditions of depletion of components of ESCRT machinery. There is also a ceramide dependent pathway. Some studies have described that the formation of ILVs in oligodendrocyte precursor’s cells (Oli-neu cells) require sphingolipid ceramide. There are also some ECSRT-independent pathways for the budding and release of nanovesicles. Microvesicles with sizes 150–1000 nm are formed by budding outward from the plasma membrane, while the formation of nanovesicles with sizes of 50–150 nm takes place in several stages : (i) the previous stage, with invagination of the plasma membrane’s domains, covered with clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs)) (ii) work of the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) machinery, consisting of four functional complexes (ESCRT-0, -I, -II, and -III), which are at different stages involved in the sorting of ubiquitinated cargo and contributes to the development CCVs in an early-endosome (EE) carrying ubiquitinating cargo (iii) the secondary invagination of EEs, forming intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that accumulate and mature into multivesicular bodies and (iv) some multivesicular bodies delivering ubiquitinated membrane proteins for their degradation in lysosomes while others release ILVs into the extracellular space, now called nanovesicles (exosomes). The biogenesis of these types of vesicles differs. These include the assessment of free-circulating plasma proteins or glycoproteins, circulating cell-free nucleic acids, extracellular nanovesicles (ENVs), and circulating tumor cells (CTC).Įxtracellular vesicles are an extensive heterogeneous group of membrane-covered vesicles, such as microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and nanovesicles (exosomes), arising through the mechanism of endosomal transport of all cell types and release into the external space. ![]() Different liquid biopsy platforms are available and are at different stages of clinical implementation. The concept of the “liquid biopsy” is a not new however, it is still an attractive alternative to traditional methods of cancer diagnostics.
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